Sept. 4 (UPI) -- Longbow Limited, a joint venture of Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman, won a $164.6 million contract to equip foreign Apache helicopters with radar units.
The contract, announced on Thursday by the Defense Department, calls for AH-64E Apache helicopter AN/APG-78 Longbow Fire Control Radar units to be sold to the militaries of Morocco, the Netherlands, the United Arab Emirates and India.
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The mast-mounted system provides Apache aircrews with automatic target detection, location and classification while 'enabling rapid, multi-target engagement in all weather conditions over multiple types of terrain and through battlefield obscurants,' Lockheed Martin has previously said of the system.
It allows aircrews the opportunity to scan large areas for threats, and if a target it identified, data can quickly be sent to a missile and launch system.
W-shark 2.4G Wireless Mini Keyboard Mouse. A recent article pointed out that Linksys and Belkin routers are incapable of offering over-the-air. Linksys Smart Wi-Fi. Wireshark – Hacking WiFi Tool. Download Aerial Combat Manual Book. When placed properly, Wireshark can be a great help for network administrator when it comes to network. The 802.11ax standard has been available for several years, however, it has only recently become more widely integrated into wireless devices, phones, routers, and more. 2019 saw the launch of a number of new wifi 6 routers, with even more hitting the market in 2020.
'The LBL team is excited to bring Morocco, Netherlands and India army into the Longbow FCR user community, and to update UAE with new capabilities, as the ever-evolving missions of our U.S. allies will benefit from our precision engagement capabilities,' Jim Messina of Longbow program director at Lockheed, said Friday in a press release.
'The Longbow radar remains a relevant and important system for the missions Apache aircrews fly,' Messina added.
About 500 systems have been delivered to the U.S. Army and international customers since 1996, according to Lockheed.
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Wi-Fi, or IEEE 802.11, is the standard for wireless LANs, or WLANs. The abbreviation Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity, and resembles the Hi-Fi acronym. It represents a whole collection of protocols within the same family of Ethernet and Token Ring.
It is specified by various IEEE 802.11 specifications.
IEEE 802.11 sends network packets from the sending host to one (Unicast) or more (Multicast/Broadcast) receiving hosts.
The 802.11 protocols specify a wireless shared network, which means that the maximum bandwidth is only available to one user at a time.
See the CaptureSetup/WLAN page for instructions how to capture from WLAN's (including monitor mode), and see the CaptureSetup page for general information on capturing on WLAN's and other media.
802.11 Standards
The basic 802.11 standards are:
- 802.11 (2MBit/s 2.4GHz) First generation of WLAN equipment; allows 1 and 2 Mbps.
- 802.11b (11MBit/s 2.4GHz) Second generation of WLAN equipment, and the first generation to receive widespread use; allows 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps.
- 802.11a (54MBit/s 5GHz)
- 802.11g (54MBit/s 2.4GHz)
- 802.11n Enhancements for Higher Throughput
Some additional 802.11 standards are:
- 802.11i (Security WPA1 and WPA2) No change to data rate. Improvement in security.
- 802.11h (Spectrum and Transmit Power Management)
- 802.11e (Quality of service, packet busting)
- 802.11d International (country-to-country) roaming extensions
- 802.11f Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP)
- 802.11j Extensions for Japan
History
XXX - add a brief description of 802.11 history
802.11 vs. 'fake Ethernet' captures
When capturing with Wireshark (or other tools using libpcap/WinPcap, such as TcpDump / WinDump) there are two ways in which 802.11 can be supplied by the system and stored in a capture file:
- 'real' 802.11: the hardware/driver provides the actual protocol data that travels over the air, complete with 802.11 headers. (There are variants of this in which 'radio information' such as signal strength can be provided as well.)
- 'fake' Ethernet: the hardware/driver translates the 802.11 headers into Ethernet headers so that the whole packet looks like a normal Ethernet packet. If the hardware/driver is doing this, all 802.11-specific management and control frames are usually discarded, as there's no equivalent to them in Ethernet (although some drivers might use a non-standard way of making them look like Ethernet packets, such as using a special Ethernet packet type).
Detailed information about how to capture 802.11 traffic can be found at the CaptureSetup/WLAN page.
Protocol dependencies
- 802.11 is the lowest software layer, so it only depends on hardware.
Example traffic
One ICMP Ping Request and response session from Station(STA1 to station(STA2) via Access point(AP)
ICMP ECHO request
ICMP ECHO request
- ICMP Echo request (802.11 data packet with source STA1, Destination STA2, To DS bit set) This packet is transmitted from STA1 and received by AP
- ACK(802.11 control packet, dest STA1) This packet is transmitted by AP and recieved by STA1
- ICMP Echo request (802.11 data packet with source STA1, Destination STA2, From DS bit set) This packet is transmitted by AP and received by STA2.
- ACK(802.11 control packet Dest AP) This packet is sent to AP by STA2 to acknowledge reciept of the Echo request packet.
ICMP ECHO Response
- ICMP Echo response(802.11 data packet with source STA2, Destination STA1, To DS bit set) This packet is transmitted from STA2 and received by AP
- ACK(802.11 control packet, dest STA2) This packet is transmitted by AP and recieved by STA2
- ICMP Echo response (802.11 data packet with source STA2, Destination STA1, From DS bit set) This packet is transmitted by AP and received by STA1.
- ACK (802.11 control packet Dest AP) This packet is sent to AP by STA1 to acknowledge reciept of the Echo response packet.
XXX - Add example traffic here (as Wireshark screenshot).
Wireshark
The 802.11 dissector is fully functional. It supports WEP and WPA/WPA2 decryption (see HowToDecrypt802.11 for details) and 802.11n.
Capturing 802.11 traffic can be tricky, see CaptureSetup page for instructions how to capture from WLAN's (including monitor mode) and other media.
Preference Settings
802.11 is a complex protocol and Wireshark has a variety of 802.11-related preferences as a result.
The reassembly and retransmission settings can affect the way that higher-layer information is dissected and displayed. The FCS and Protection bit settings can affect how frames are decrypted. For detailed information about the decryption settings, see HowToDecrypt802.11.
You can also add 802.11-specific information to the packet list.
Example capture file
SampleCaptures/Network_Join_Nokia_Mobile.pcap
Display Filter
Best Wifi Routers
A complete list of 802.11 display filter fields can be found in the wlan, wlan_mgt, and wlan_aggregate display filter references.
- Show only the 802.11-based traffic: Show only the 802.11-based traffic to and from 802.11 MAC address 08:00:08:15:ca:fe: Hide beacon frames: Show management frames for a specific SSID:
Capture Filter
Newer versions of libpcap support raw 802.11 headers via the 'wlan' link type. Older versions must use 'ether' or 'link' via fake Ethernet headers, and might not support 802.11 capture at all.
- Capture only the 802.11-based traffic to and from 802.11 MAC address 08:00:08:15:ca:fe:
- Filter out beacon frames:
Air Shark Wifi Router Setup
See CaptureSetup/WLAN page for instructions on how to capture from WLANs (including monitor mode).
Air Shark Wifi Router Manual
External links
- 802.11 Alphabet Soup a tutorial of the various 802.11 letters. Dated August 05, 2002.Fujitsu fi series drivers for mac windows 7. Fi Series Software Downloads page. IMPORTANT NOTICE. It has recently come to our attention that certain websites are using “Fujitsu” and “ScanSnap” names without our permission, apparently stating that they are providing product information and software downloads.